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In Africa, blacks sold blacks. Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and Songhai Empire all exported slaves northwards on the gold export route. The Mossi tried to take over the route but failed; they turned toward the Atlantic route instead.
The Ashanti and the Yoruba were involved in Atlantic slave-trading and the Imbangala of and the Nyamwezi would serve as intermediaries or bands,waging war on African states to capture people for export. per wikipedia ”West African empires thriving on slave trade. These included the Oyo empire (Yoruba), Kong Empire, Imamate of Futa Jallon, Imamate of Futa Toro, Kingdom of Koya, Kingdom of Khasso, Kingdom of Kaabu, Fante Confederacy, Ashanti Confederacy, and the kingdom of Dahomey. “
1 to 1.25 million Europeans were sold into North African slavery by Muslims (whose tribal identity is unknown, if they used one).
Export to Oman, India and China of slaves goes back before 1000 AD. What tribal groups helped in the export is unknown.
Both Ethiopian and Somalis exported slaves from their hinterlands to Muslim countries.
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