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"These are the ingredients in a COVID-19 vaccine Here is the list of what goes into a COVID-19 vaccine, according to the WHO’s information. Note that the details here are generic and apply to all vaccines, this is not a breakdown of the specific compounds each of the COVID-19 vaccines contains. 1. Antigen This is the active component that all vaccines contain. Created to resemble or mimic a particular disease or infection, or pathogen, the antigen’s purpose is to provoke your immune system. By doing that, it is laying the groundwork for future immune responses to an actual infection by the pathogen, in this case the COVID-19 virus. 2. Preservatives If a vaccine comes as a single dose, it may not contain any preservatives. But some are delivered in larger vials, designed for multiple shots, in which case they need something to prevent the vaccine spoiling once exposed to the air. One of the most commonly used preservatives is 2-phenoxyethanol, which is also used as a perfume fixative, insect repellent and an antiseptic. 3. Stabilizers Sugars (lactose, sucrose), amino acids (glycine), gelatin, and proteins are all used as stabilizers in vaccines. They are there to prevent chemical reactions taking place within the vaccine. One of the often-used proteins is recombinant human albumin. This is made from yeast and although it resembles human serum, it contains no human or other animal material. 4. Surfactants While stabilizers stop vaccine components mixing and reacting, surfactants are there to keep all the ingredients mixed together. Without surfactants, there could be separation of ingredients, leading to sediment or clumps forming. 5. Residuals Different manufacturing processes use different non-active ingredients. Trace elements of these non-active elements are present in the final vaccine and are known as residuals. They may be things like yeast or egg protein, or even antibiotics. They are in such tiny amounts that they are measured in parts-per-billion. 6. Diluent The greatest ingredient, by volume, in a vaccine is the diluent. As the name suggests, it is the liquid used to dilute the vaccine to achieve the right concentration. Usually, the vaccine diluent is sterile water. 7. Adjuvant Some vaccines contain small amounts of aluminium salts to help trigger a stronger immune response. These adjuvants work by stimulating immune cells near the injection site. Aluminium is sometimes the subject of alarmist concerns, but people routinely come into contact with aluminium through food and drink and it has been shown not to cause long-term health problems, the WHO says." https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/06/ingredients-covid-19-vaccine/ ******************************************** "Hundreds of millions of COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered safely in the United States in the last six months. There is no evidence to indicate that the spike proteins generated by human cells following vaccination are a toxin or that they circulate in the body and damage tissues, contrary to what a Canadian virus immunologist recently claimed." https://www.factcheck.org/2021/07/scicheck-covid-19-vaccine-generated-spike-protein-is-safe-contrary-to-viral-claims/ ********************************************* "Approach to Development – Scientists have been working for many years to develop vaccines against viruses like the one that causes COVID-19. This knowledge helped speed up the initial development of the current COVID-19 vaccines." https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/faq.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fvaccines%2Fkeythingstoknow.html ********************************************* "Today’s COVID-19 vaccines work in much the same way as those early inoculations but are safer and more effective. It’s true that they were developed with historic speed — but only because they were built on decades of basic research that allowed us to deliver them in record time. What the public didn’t see was that this remarkable achievement represents years of global research, including advances from fighting SARS and decades of basic science to better understand mRNA by innovators like Katalin Karikó, among many others, who helped put us on this path." https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/the-covid-vaccine-developed-super-quickly-here-is-why-it-is-safe